Suggesting promoting vaccination in all treated patients with MS CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class III data that SARSCoV2 mRNA vaccination induces both humoral and cellmediated specific immune responses

compared to HCWs and IFN-β-treated patients. Serum neutralizing activity was present in all the HCWs tested and in only a minority of the fingolimod-treated patients (16.6%). T-cell-specific response was detected in the majority of patients with MS (62%), albeit with significantly lower IFN-γ levels compared to HCWs. The lowest frequency of T-cell response was found in fingolimod-treated patients (14.3%).

T-cell-specific response correlated with lymphocyte count and anti-RBD antibody titer (ρ = 0.554, p < 0.0001 and ρ = 0.255, p = 0.0078 respectively). IFN-γ T-cell response was mediated by both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. DISCUSSION: mRNA vaccines induce both humoral and cell-mediated specific immune responses against spike peptides in all HCWs and in the majority of patients with MS.

These results carry relevant implications for managing vaccinations, suggesting promoting vaccination in all treated patients with MS. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class III data that SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces both humoral and cell-mediated specific immune responses against viral spike proteins in a majority of patients with MS. Comparison of the effectivity of vaccines from live streptomycin-dependent and killed EC-0111 B4 bacteria by testing the agglutinin formation in mice and rabbits, the bactericidal activity of rabbit serums and the passive protection Streptomycin-dependenten Coli-Keimen. II. Vergleich der Wirkamkeit von Impfstoffen aus lebenden Streptomycin-dependenten und abgetöteten EC-O111 B4-Bakterien durch Prfung der Agglutininbildung bei Mäusen und Kaninchen, der Bakterizidie von Kaninchenseren und des passiven Schutzversuches an Mäusen.Hygiene. 1.

Abt. seebio vitamin K2 -hygienische Bakteriologie, Virusforschung und foodborne zoonoses. Among MK7 evaluated at primary poultry level to reduce these infections, vaccination could be a solution, but no effective vaccines are available to date. A better understanding of the immune mechanisms involved in protection against Campylobacter would be helpful for designing novel vaccine strategies. The present study was designed to analyze in more depth the immune responses developed in broilers in order to potentially identify which immune parameters may be important for establishing protection against Campylobacter by comparing the immune responses obtained here with those obtained in a previous study performed on vaccinated specific-pathogen-free Leghorn chickens that presented a partial reduction of Campylobacter after experimental challenge. The protection against Campylobacter colonization was evaluated at different time points over 40 d of rearing, by measuring specific IgY levels in serum and IgA antibodies in bile reflecting the systemic and mucosal humoral responses respectively and the relative expressions of 9 cecal immune marker genes (cytokines and antimicrobial peptides), which reflect the innate and cellular immune responses. Despite no reduction of Campylobacter in the cecum, a systemic immune response over time characterized by the production of specific anti-flagellin IgY was observed, in addition to upregulation of the antimicrobial peptide avian β-defensin (AvBD) 12 gene expression in the cecum of vaccinated broilers compared with the placebo group.

However, the levels of specific anti-flagellin mucosal IgA antibodies in the bile as well as the relative expression of other cecal cytokines studied was underexpressed in the vaccinated group or similar in both groups.Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France; UFR and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France. Electronic address: for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France.for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France.for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, influenza Q/Hong Kong/68 vaccine.yet the identity of the immunogenic antigens on these cells is not known.